Ветроэнергетика (wind power) — отрасль альтернативной энергетики, связанная с разработкой методов и средств преобразования энергии ветра в механическую, тепловую или электрическую энергию.
Ветроэнергетике присущи все преимущества, характерные дляальтернативной энергетики в целом — экологическая чистота, возобновляемость, низкие эксплуатационные затраты.
К недостаткам ветроэнергетики относят:
- шум — минимальное допустимое расстояние ответроустановки до жилых домов — 300 м
- визуальное воздействие ветрогенераторов — является скорее субъективным и легко разрешаемым фактором, сейчас для улучшения эстетического вида ветряков во многих крупных фирмах работают профессиональные дизайнеры
- занятие больших земельных участков — также является спорным недостатком, фундамент ветроустановки обычно полностью находится под землей, позволяя расширить сельскохозяйственное использование земли практически до самого основания башни
Для преобразования энергии ветра в другие виды энергии — механическую, тепловую, электрическую и др., используютветроэнергетические установки (wind power plant).
В настоящее время применяются две основные конструкции ветроэнергетических установок (ВЭУ): горизонтально осевые и вертикально осевые ветродвигатели. Оба типа ветроэнергетических установок имеют примерно равный КПД, однако наибольшее распространение получили ветроагрегаты первого типа. Мощность ветроэнергетической установки может быть от сотен ватт до нескольких мегаватт.
Ветроэлектростанция (wind electrical power station) — электростанция, состоящая из двух и более ветроэлектрических установок, предназначенная для преобразования энергии ветра в электрическую энергию и передачу ее потребителю.
Ветроагрегат (wind unit) — система, состоящая из ветродвигателя, системы передачи мощности и приводимой ими в движение машины — электромашинного генератора, насоса, компрессора и т.п.
Гибридные ветроэнергетические установки (combine wind systems) — системы, состоящие из ветроэнергетической установки и какого либо другого источника энергии (дизельного, бензинового, газотурбинного двигателей, фотоэлектрических, солнечных коллекторов, установок емкостного, водородного аккумулирования сжатого воздуха и т.п.), используемых в качестве резервного или дополнительного источника электроснабжения потребителей.
Ветропарк — это комплекс ветроэнергетических установок, часто установленных рядами, которые перпендикулярны господствующему направлению ветра. При разработке такого проекта нужно учитывать наличие дорог для доступа к ветроагрегатам, подстанции и мониторинговой и контрольной системам.
Классификация ветроэнергетических установок по назначению — ГОСТ Р 51990-2002 «Нетрадиционная энергетика. Ветроэнергетика. Установки ветроэнергетические. Классификация»
| Наименование | Мощность | Признак | Назначение |
| Системные, сетевые | 200 кВт-5 МВт | Работа ВЭУ параллельно с мощной электрической сетью | Источники получения и выдачи в электрическую сеть максимально возможной выработанной электроэнергии |
| Автономные | 50-500 кВт | Работа ВЭУ индивидуально (автономно) | Источники электропитания потребителей, не связанные электрической сетью, отличающиеся сравнительно низкими значениями коэффициента использования установленной мощности |
| Гибридные | — | Работа ВЭУ параллельно с независимыми электро-станциями соизмеримой мощности (дизель-генераторы, малые ГЭС и др.) | Источники электропитания для бесперебойного снабжения потребителей электроэнергией номинальной мощности |
ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА – мировой рынок
Альтернативная энергетика в общем и ветроэнергетика в частности демонстрируют бурное развитие во всем мире. Это связано с ростом цен на нефть, текущими проблемами энергетической безопасности и озабоченностью все большего числа людей проблемой изменения климата.
По состоянию на конец 2009 года было установлено около 152 ГВт ветроэнергетических установок (+30,3 ГВт или +25%). Таким образом,ветроэнергетика на протяжении последних лет продолжает оставаться крупнейшим сегментом рынка альтернативной энергетики.
В среднем в мире 1,5% потребляемой электроэнергии вырабатывается с использованием ветроэнергетических установок. В странах, где правительство оказывает поддержкуветропаркам, доля ветроэнергетики выше, например, в Дании при помощи ветра получают свыше 20% электроэнергии, в Испании — 10%, Германии — 8%.
Более половины всех мировых ветроэнергетическихмощностей в настоящее время сосредоточено в Европе. Лидерами по темпам наращивания ветроэнергетических мощностей являются Северная Америка, Европа и Азия.
Сценарии развития мировой ветроэнергетики, разработанные специалистами, показывают, что при отсутствии государственной поддержки и рыночных стимулов, доля ветроэнергетики в мировом производстве электроэнергии может достичь 5% к 2030 году и 6,6% к 2050 году. При господдержке энергосбережения,ветроэнергетика может обеспечить 15.6% мирового производства электроэнергии к 2030 году и 17,7% к 2050 году. При масштабных энергосберегающих мероприятиях, ветроэнергетика обеспечивает 29,1% мирового производства электроэнергии к 2030 году и 34,2% — к 2050 году.
Таким образом, доля ветровой энергетики в системе энергоснабжения может быть значительно увеличена за счет реализации масштабных мероприятий в области энергосбережения.
Например, правительством Канады установлена цель к 2015 году производить 10% электроэнергии с использованиемветроэнергетических установок. Европейский Союз планирует к 2010 году установить 40 тыс. МВт ветрогенераторов, а к 2020 году — 180 тыс. МВт. В Китае, в соответствии с Национальным Планом Развития ветроэнергетики, планируется увеличить ветроэнергетическиемощности до 5 тыс. МВт к 2010 году и до 30 тыс. МВт к 2020 г.
На фоне того, как большинство стран мира обратило свое внимание на развитие альтернативной энергетики, Россия, напротив, продолжает наращивать темпы добычи и экспорта традиционного топлива. В структуре топливно-энергетического баланса страны ведущая роль принадлежит таким энергоресурсам, как газ и нефть — 53% и 18.9% совокупного потребления энергии соответственно. Кроме того, около 18% энергобаланса приходится на долю твердого топлива.
Из 1066,7 млрд. кВтч выработанной электроэнергии в 2009 году:
- более 68% произведено тепловыми станциями
- около 15,5% гидроэлектростанциями
- около 17% атомными станциями
С использованием возобновляемых источников энергии в России ежегодно вырабатывается не более 8,5 млрд. кВтч электрической энергии, без учета гидроэлектростанций установленной мощностью более 25 МВт, что составляет менее 1% совокупного объема.
За несколько лет до финансового кризиса в России стала создаваться нормативно правовая база развития рынка ветроэнергетических установок. Первым шагом в вопросе законодательного регулирования отрасли стало принятие в конце 2007 года поправок к Федеральному закону «Об электроэнергетике», заложивших рамочные основы развития отрасли. Это событие способствовало как формированию институциональных условий функционирования рынка, так и повышению инвестиционной привлекательности отрасли.
Структура рынка альтернативной энергетики в России
К числу основных направлений государственной политики в сфере повышения энергоэффективности было отнесено развитие производства электрической энергии на основе:
- малых гидроэлектростанций, установленной мощностью менее 25 МВт
- генерирующих установок на основе солнечной энергии
- генерирующих установок на основе энергии ветра
- генерирующих установок на основе геотермальной энергии природных подземных теплоносителей
- генерирующих установок на основе низкопотенциальной тепловой энергии земли, воздуха, воды, включая сточные воды
- генерирующих установок на основе биомассы и биогаза
Для достижения объема потребления ветроэнергетических установок планируется ввод в период с 2010 по 2020 годы генерирующих объектов (малых ГЭС, ветроэлектрических станций, приливных электростанций, геотермальных электростанций, тепловых электростанций на биомассе и прочих видов электроустановок) с суммарной установленной мощностью до 25 ГВт.
Таким образом, объем выработки электроэнергии на основеветроэнергетических установок к 2020 году должен составить около 80 млрд. кВтч.
Суммарная мощность всех ветроэнергетических установокРоссии составила в 2009 году только 17-18 МВт (столько в мире устанавливается за 6 часов) или 0,008% от электрогенерирующих мощностей РФ (220 ГВт).
По экспертным оценкам, технический потенциал (под потенциалом отрасли нами понимается средний годовой объем энергии, содержащийся в данном виде энергоресурса при полном ее превращении в полезно используемую энергию) ветровой энергии России оценивается свыше 6000 млрд. кВтч/год. Экономический потенциал составляет примерно 31 млрд. кВтч/год. Россия — одна из самых богатых в этом отношении стран — самая длинная на Земле береговая линия, обилие ровных безлесных пространств, большие акватории внутренних рек, озер и морей — все это наиболее благоприятные места для размещения ветропарков.
Важность развития ветроэнергетики в нашей стране определяется тем, что 70% территории России, где проживает 10% населения, находится в зоне децентрализованного энергоснабжения, которая практически совпадают с зоной потенциальных ветроресурсов (Камчатка, Магаданская область, Чукотка, Сахалин, Якутия, Бурятия, Таймыр и др.).
Внедрение новых ветроэнергетических мощностей происходит в России достаточно медленными темпами: на конец 2005 года их было — 14 МВт, 2006 — 15,5 МВт, 2007 — 16,5 МВт. В среднем темпы прироста составляют 8% в год — это один из самых низких показателей в мире, в Китае, для сравнения, он составляет ~ 60%, США ~ 30%, Испании ~ 20%.
К настоящему моменту в России представлено около 10 крупных ветропарков, на долю которых приходится около 90% суммарной мощности. Кроме того функционирует около 1600 малых ветроэнергетических установок, мощностью от 0,1 до 30 кВт.
Стоит отметить, что установка практически всех ветропарков относится к 2002-2003 годам. В последние же годы, увеличение мощностей происходит в основном за счет маломощных индивидуальных энергосистем, прирост составил 250 ветроэнергетических установокмощностью от 1 кВт до 5 кВт.
ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА – распределение по географии
На рынке ветроэнергетики работают свыше 50 участников, половину из которых можно отнести к производителям. Практически все производители изготавливают свою продукцию на основании собственных разработок. Менее 1% изготавливают ветроэнергетические установки на основе трансферта зарубежных технологий.
Согласно государственным планам, в дальнейшемветроэнергетика должна развиваться быстрыми темпами. Предполагается за три года увеличить объем введенных мощностей в 15,5 раз. Это достаточно сложная задача, учитывая нынешнюю динамику развития.
По оценкам ResearchTechart, при оптимистичном сценарии при условии государственной поддержки и стимулирования развития ветроэнергетики к 2011 году в России будет около 120 МВт установленной мощности.
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